| Inoue Kaoru | |
|---|---|
| Inoue Kaoru | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 16 January 1836 Hagi, Chōshū Domain, Japan |
| Died | September 1, 1915 (aged 79) Shizuoka, Japan |
Count Inoue Kaoru (井上 馨, 16 January 1836 – 1 September 1915), GCMG was a member of the Meiji oligarchy during the Meiji period Empire of Japan. As one of the senior statesman in Japan during that period, he had a tremendous influence on the selection of the nation's leaders and formation of its policies.
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Born Yakichi (勇吉) to a lower-ranked samurai family in Hagi, Chōshū Domain (present day Yamaguchi Prefecture), Inoue attended the Meirinkan Domain school with his brother Ikutarō (幾太郎). He was a close boyhood friend of Itō Hirobumi who later became Japan's first prime minister, and he played an active part in the sonnō jōi movement. In 1858, he studied rangaku, artillery and swordsmanship in Edo.
In the Bakumatsu period, Inoue emerged as a leader of the antiforeigner movement in his native Chōshū. Desiring to rid Japan of foreigners, he and Takasugi Shinsaku set fire to the British legation in Edo in January 1863.
Recognizing Japan's need to learn from the western powers, Inoue joined the Chōshū Five and was smuggled out of Japan to study at University College, London in England in 1863. When he returned with Itō Hirobumi, he unsuccessfully tried to prevent war (the Battle of Shimonoseki) between the Chōshū and the western naval powers over the closing of the Straits of Shimonoseki to foreign shipping. Later, he fought against the forces of the Tokugawa shogunate in the 1864 First Chōshū expedition, during which he was severely wounded. He later played a key role in the formation of the Satchō Alliance against the Tokugawa shogunate.
After the Meiji restoration, Inoue served in several important positions in the new Meiji government. He was appointed Vice Minister of Finance in 1871 and was influential in reorganizing government finances on modern lines, especially in the reform of the land tax system, termination of government stipends to the ex-samurai and former aristocracy and for promoting industrialization. Closely linked to business circles, including the emerging Mitsui zaibatsu, he was also involved in the railway business.These measures created many political enemies, and Inoue was forced to resign in May 1873. Inoue took part in the Osaka Conference of 1875 to support the creation of a representative national assembly.
In 1876, Inoue was asked to assist in the field of foreign affairs, and was involved in the conclusion of the Japan-Korea Treaty of Amity as vice-ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. He returned to government as Minister of Public Works in 1878 and Lord of Foreign Affairs in 1879 under the early Meiji Dajō-kan Cabinet. In 1884, he was elevated to the rank of count (hakushaku) under the new kazoku peerage system.
In December 1885, Inoue officially became Japan’s first Minister of Foreign Affairs bearing that title in the first Itō Hirobumi cabinet. However, Inoue came under public criticism for his failure to negotiate a revision of the unequal treaties, his building of the Rokumeikan, and support of its Westernizing influences, which forced him to resign in August 1887.
Later he served as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in the Kuroda administration, as Home Minister in the second Itō administration and again as Finance Minister in the 3rd Itō administration.
From 1901 onwards, Inoue served as most senior of the genrō, and considered himself the government's foremost advisor on financial affairs. He died in 1915 at his summer home at Okitsu-juku, Shizuoka prefecture.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by none |
Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan Dec 1885-Sept 1887 |
Succeeded by Itō Hirobumi |
| Preceded by Kuroda Kiyotaka |
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Jul 1888 - Dec 1898 |
Succeeded by Iwamura Michitoshi |
| Preceded by Kōno Togama |
Home Minister Aug 1892-Oct 1894 |
Succeeded by Nomura Yasushi |
| Preceded by Matsukata Masayoshi |
Finance Minister Jan 1898 - Jun 1898 |
Succeeded by Matsuda Masahisa |